PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS
After he stopped being a mujahid during the Soviet-Afghan War but be - fore becoming the most wanted ter - rorist after the 9/11 attacks, Osama Bin Laden detoured through the Balkans. He traveled to Albania, built an alliance with the mujahideen in the Bosnian War (…)
Islamic Radicalism in the Balkans: From Immigrant Arab Fighters to Emigrant Combatant in Arabia
HOME HOME
By: Julian Schmid
The “War on Terror” Did Not Take Place: “9/11,” Ahistoricity, and the Infinite Apocalypse
By: Jan Daniel
Myopic Visions of the War on Terror Era: Lebanon as a Post- 9/11 Security Problem
After it was revealed that seventeen of the nineteen 9/11 hijackers hailed from the Gulf (fifteen were Saudi citizens, two were Emiratis), the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) doubled down on rhetoric about the need to combat radical and militant Islam. Washington also (…)
9/11 and the Securitization of Political Islam in the Gulf
The events of 9/11 and the subsequent Global War on Terrorism have profoundly transformed the landscape of international development in post-Soviet Central Asia. The launching of the military campaign, Operation Enduring Freedom, in neighboring Afghanistan in October 2001 resulted in
By: Clément Steuer
How 9/11 Reshaped the International Development Scene in Central Asia
US Pressure for Democratization, and Egyptian Political Opportunity Structure since 9/11
The terrorist attacks of 9/11 drastically impacted the lives of Uyghurs and other Muslims in China’s Xinjiang region. But while the ensuing Global War on Terror and worldwide Islamophobia has likely been a contributing factor to China’s repression (…)
By: Ondřej Klimeš and Sam Tynen
Assimilation or Islamophobia?: Uyghurs and China’s Counter–Terrorist Discourse after 2001
By: Courtney Freer
The terrorist attacks of 9/11 on American soil altered not only the international security environment but also the domestic power equilibrium in several Southeast Asian countries. The incumbent Malaysian (…)
Keeping Watch: Islamism in Indonesia after 9/11 and the Bali Bombing of 2002
By: Tomáš Petrů
At the very outset of the 21st century, Osama bin Laden positioned himself, wittingly or unwittingly, with the 9/11 attacks, as one of its likely most important figures. The attacks initially served to undermine multicultural policies in relatively ethnically and religiously (…)
Bin Laden’s Legacy Probably Surpasses His Wildest Dreams
By: James M. Dorsey
By: Karolina Kluczewska
With the 20th anniversary of the September 11th attacks upon us, it is important to recall that millions of Arab and Muslim Americans, who had nothing to do with those attacks, suffered enormous civil rights violations, physical attacks, job losses (…)
By: Louise Cainkar
Surveillance Spotlight on Arab and Muslim Americans: An Enduring Legacy of the Global War on Terror
By: Asya Metodieva
When al-Qaeda framed the 9/11 attacks as an Islamic holy war (jihad) and the United States retaliated by invading Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003) and initiating a Global War on Terror, Samuel Huntington’s clash of civilizations thesis between "Islam" and "the West" gained currency (…)
The Rise and Fall of Moderate Islamism as a Political Project: The Legacy of 9/11 in Turkey’s Relations with the West
By: Pelin Ayan Musil
The Evolution of Armed Drones for Targeted Killing after 9/11
From Yemen to Libya, Syria, and Nagorno-Karabakh, armed drones delivering precision munitions or commercial drones re-engineered into flying bombs by insurgents are changing the security landscape. The Middle (…)
By: Alessandro Arduino
For the past twenty years, the September 11 attacks have been seen by American and international policymakers and populations alike as a breaking point of international poli - tics and security. After the (…)
Following the 9/11 attacks, the Bush administration launched the U.S. and its allies into a “Global War on Terror,” designed and inspired by a neo-conservative worldview. The purpose of the (…)
The Global War on Terror (GWOT) defined Western engagement with many places in the Global South over the last two decades. Trying to deal with elusive terrorist (…)
By: Daniel R. Mahanty
The Sorcerer’s Apprentice: U.S. Security Assistance after 9/11
Few images better reflect America’s response to the attacks of 9/11 as well as Goethe’s The Sorcerer’s Apprentice. Charged with mopping the floor, and eager (…)
On a hillside about an hour outside of Kathmandu sits a collection of well- built, freshly painted houses. The development is not in a particularly wealthy area, but houses men who have made their money by spending (…)
How the “Forever Wars” Reshape Himalayan Villages
By: Noah Coburn
The Global War on Terror (GWOT) re - shaped one of the most consequen - tial intra-Islamic conflicts of our time, namely Sunni-Shi‘i sectarianism. While the 20th century had wit - nessed some sincere efforts to bridge the gaps between the communities, it became (…)
Bold Shi'is, Frightened Sunnis, and the Making of Sectarianism after 9/11
By: Simon Wolfgang Fuchs
By: Olmo Gölz
Productive Discomfort: German Islamic Studies after 9/11
The events of 9/11 shook up Islamic Studies (‘Islamwissenschaft’) in the German-language academy (includ - ing Switzerland and Austria) and left a deep imprint on the discipline (…)
Afghanistan was already in the back of my mind, on the morning of September 11, 2001: I was supposed to be there. As I walked to my office on a crystal-clear Fall day, I was thinking about my cancelled visit. I barely noticed the plume of smoke from across the (…)
The Global War on Terror and U.S. Relations with the Muslim World: Reflections on Afghanistan
By: Jonah Blank
In 1991, the Soviet Republics of Central Asia — including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan — suddenly and unexpectedly gained independence from the Soviet Union. The international community, however, paid little (…)
By: Tim Epkenhans
Post-Soviet Central Asia after 9/11: The Global War on Terror, Authoritarian Consolidation, and Religious Revival
War and State (Un)making in Tribal Borderlands of Pakistan
In August this year, three soldiers from the gendarmerie Balochistan Levy Force were killed in a landmine explosion in Ziarat, a southwestern town of Pakistan. A parlat (sit-in) ensued as the deceased's relatives and well-wishers refused (…)
By: Saifullah Nasar
Before the 9/11 tragedy struck American soil, U.S. facilities in the Persian Gulf region were placed on a heightened state of alert, as U.S. au - thorities were informed that “American citizens abroad may be tar - geted by extremist groups with links to bin Laden’s organisation (…)
How the Sands Have Shifted: Reflections on 9/11 as a Chapter in U.S.-Gulf Relations
By: Clemens Chay
Days before the U.S.-led forces in - vaded Afghanistan to avenge the at - tacks on 9/11, President George W. Bush outlined his approach to the Global War on Terror (GWOT): “Our war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there.” What fol - lowed was a worldwide (…)
Iran’s Exclusion and Lost Opportunities in the U.S.-Led Global War on Terror
By: Asif Shuja
By: Elena Fellner
Redefining Terrorism: Iran, the U.S., and the War on Terror
Mohammad Javad Zarif likes to lecture. That much is obvious to anyone who has ever read more than a handful of tweets by Iran’s previous foreign minister (2013-2021), and it is especially striking (…)
By: Angeliki Coletsou
Visual Representations of Iran in Western Media after 9/11
The year 2001 has been considered a turning point in the rapid increase of Islamophobia and Islamophobic de - pictions in Western media, especially concerning Arab and Muslim (…)
Departing from the general trend in scholarly inquiries and popular inves - tigations of the post-9/11 era that focus on the political, legal, religious, and social positionality of Muslims vis-à-vis the West, political institu - tions in their home (…)
9/11 and Sectarianism in Islam; Counter-Terrorism Debates among Muslim Groups of Kerala, India
By: M Sihabudheen Kolakkattil
America Won the War on Terror, and Everyone is Worse Off
American elites talk about the War on Terror as a failure. Whether their diagnosis was an overabundance of compassion or brutality, goals that were too ambitious or too limited, the U.S. political class tends to see their country’s twenty-year (…)
By: Matthew Petti
From Horse Soldiers to Hybrid Conflicts: Unconventional Warfare’s Evolution since 9/11
The stark contrast of the beginning and end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan forces a reflection on the trajectory of unconventional warfare over two decades of the Global War on Terror. The early (…)
By: Alp Yenenr
Discussions on the role played by regional connectivity in the economic development of countries along the so-called “Silk Road” reached a fever pitch during the twenty year Global War on Terror (GWOT). The same period, however (…)
The Global War on Terror and the Transformation of Afghanistan’s Commercial Networks
By: Magnus Marsden
Policy discussions around counter- terrorism efforts now state a difficult lesson learned of international intervention so common that it has become a trope: tactical fixes don’t fix political problems. You cannot (…)
The Two Most Dangerous Self- Deceptions in Security Sector Reform
By: Abi Watson
Few countries have been unaffected by the attacks of 9/11 and the Global War on Terror (GWOT) that followed. But with the coming of age of a new generation not witness to the vio - lence directly, and the emergence (…)
From the War on Terror to the War Against “Islamism”: France in the post-9/11 Era
By: Dr. Alain Gabon 
A few weeks after the 9/11 attacks, NATO invoked Article 5, leading to Türkiye’s participation in NATO mis - sions in Afghanistan, such as running the Kabul International Airport and assuming leadership of ISAF (…)
Türkiye-U.S. Relations After 9/11: From Strategic Partnership to Strategic Divergence
By: Gökhan Tekir
By: Rodrigo Augusto Duarte Amaral, Mariana Medeiros Bernussi, Victória Wood Farinelli
The Brazilian Antiterrorism Law: The U.S. Counterterrorism Agenda, International Economic Pressures, and Socio-Political Conveniences.
One of the legacies of September 11th was the imperative to develop locally stricter counterterrorism measures, even in countries historically (…)
By: Safiyya Hosein
More than Just Spandex: American Muslim Superheroes and the Global War on Terror
Even though Muslim superheroes have appeared in American comic books since the 1940s, their number grew steadily in the post-9/11 (…)
Since the Taliban recaptured Afghanistan in August 2021, the Afghan diaspora in the Global North has been under general suspicion. This is particularly true in Germany, which currently hosts the largest Afghan diaspora community (…)
All Taliban are Pashtuns and all Pashtuns are Taliban?! A Contribution to Differentiation
By: Muska Haqiqat
© 2023 Oriental Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Kevin L. Schwartz, and Ameem Lutfi
VIDEO ESSAYS VIDEO ESSAYS
If you are interested in contributing an article for the project, please send a short summary of the proposed topic (no more than 200 words) and brief bio to submissions@911legacies.com. For all other matters, please contact inquiry@911legacies.com.
CONTACT
Semantics and the Language of Terror
Counterinsurgency Strategies
Knowledge and Cultural Production
Capital Flows and Patronage Networks
Islamism and Internationalism
Rise of Authoritarianism
MUSLIM NETWORKS
Counterinsurgency Strategies
KNOWLEDGE AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION
CAPITAL FLOWS AND PATRONAGE NETWORKS
RISE OF AUTHORITARIANISM
SEMANTICS AND THE LANGUAGE OF TERROR
ISLAMISM AND INTERNATIONALISM
Muslim Networks
Web design made by Nyx Alexander Design ; Icons, logo and photos provided by Daniel Brown
PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS VIDEO ESSAYS VIDEO ESSAYS
© 2023 Oriental Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Kevin L. Schwartz, and Ameem Lutfi
THEMATICS
After he stopped being a mujahid during the Soviet-Afghan War but be - fore becoming the most wanted ter - rorist after the 9/11 attacks, Osama Bin Laden detoured through the Balkans. He traveled to Albania, built an alliance with the mujahideen in the Bosnian War (…)
Islamic Radicalism in the Balkans: From Immigrant Arab Fighters to Emigrant Combatant in Arabia
By: Julian Schmid
The “War on Terror” Did Not Take Place: “9/11,” Ahistoricity, and the Infinite Apocalypse
By: Jan Daniel
Myopic Visions of the War on Terror Era: Lebanon as a Post- 9/11 Security Problem
The events of 9/11 and the subsequent Global War on Terrorism have profoundly transformed the landscape of international development in post-Soviet Central Asia. The launching of the military campaign, Operation Enduring Freedom, in neighboring Afghanistan in October 2001 resulted in
By: Clément Steuer
How 9/11 Reshaped the International Development Scene in Central Asia
US Pressure for Democratization, and Egyptian Political Opportunity Structure since 9/11
The terrorist attacks of 9/11 drastically impacted the lives of Uyghurs and other Muslims in China’s Xinjiang region. But while the ensuing Global War on Terror and worldwide Islamophobia has likely been a contributing factor to China’s repression (…)
By: Ondřej Klimeš and Sam Tynen
Assimilation or Islamophobia?: Uyghurs and China’s Counter–Terrorist Discourse after 2001
The terrorist attacks of 9/11 on American soil altered not only the international security environment but also the domestic power equilibrium in several Southeast Asian countries. The incumbent Malaysian (…)
Keeping Watch: Islamism in Indonesia after 9/11 and the Bali Bombing of 2002
By: Tomáš Petrů
At the very outset of the 21st century, Osama bin Laden positioned himself, wittingly or unwittingly, with the 9/11 attacks, as one of its likely most important figures. The attacks initially served to undermine multicultural policies in relatively ethnically and religiously (…)
Bin Laden’s Legacy Probably Surpasses His Wildest Dreams
By: James M. Dorsey
By: Karolina Kluczewska
With the 20th anniversary of the September 11th attacks upon us, it is important to recall that millions of Arab and Muslim Americans, who had nothing to do with those attacks, suffered enormous civil rights violations, physical attacks, job losses (…)
By: Louise Cainkar
Surveillance Spotlight on Arab and Muslim Americans: An Enduring Legacy of the Global War on Terror
By: Asya Metodieva
When al-Qaeda framed the 9/11 attacks as an Islamic holy war (jihad) and the United States retaliated by invading Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003) and initiating a Global War on Terror, Samuel Huntington’s clash of civilizations thesis between "Islam" and "the West" gained currency (…)
The Rise and Fall of Moderate Islamism as a Political Project: The Legacy of 9/11 in Turkey’s Relations with the West
By: Pelin Ayan Musil
The Evolution of Armed Drones for Targeted Killing after 9/11
From Yemen to Libya, Syria, and Nagorno-Karabakh, armed drones delivering precision munitions or commercial drones re-engineered into flying bombs by insurgents are changing the security landscape. The Middle (…)
By: Alessandro Arduino
For the past twenty years, the September 11 attacks have been seen by American and international policymakers and populations alike as a breaking point of international poli - tics and security. After the (…)
Following the 9/11 attacks, the Bush administration launched the U.S. and its allies into a “Global War on Terror,” designed and inspired by a neo-conservative worldview. The purpose of the (…)
The Global War on Terror (GWOT) defined Western engagement with many places in the Global South over the last two decades. Trying to deal with elusive terrorist (…)
By: Daniel R. Mahanty
The Sorcerer’s Apprentice: U.S. Security Assistance after 9/11
Few images better reflect America’s response to the attacks of 9/11 as well as Goethe’s The Sorcerer’s Apprentice. Charged with mopping the floor, and eager (…)
The Global War on Terror (GWOT) reshaped one of the most consequential intra-Islamic conflicts of our time, namely Sunni-Shi‘i sectarianism. While the 20th century had witnessed some sincere efforts to bridge the gaps between the communities, it became (…)
Bold Shi'is, Frightened Sunnis, and the Making of Sectarianism after 9/11
By: Simon Wolfgang Fuchs
After it was revealed that seventeen of the nineteen 9/11 hijackers hailed from the Gulf (fifteen were Saudi citizens, two were Emiratis), the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) doubled down on rhetoric about the need to combat radical and militant Islam. Washington also (…)
9/11 and the Securitization of Political Islam in the Gulf
By: Courtney Freer
On a hillside about an hour outside of Kathmandu sits a collection of well- built, freshly painted houses. The development is not in a particularly wealthy area, but houses men who have made their money by spending (…)
How the “Forever Wars” Reshape Himalayan Villages
By: Noah Coburn
By: Olmo Gölz
Productive Discomfort: German Islamic Studies after 9/11
The events of 9/11 shook up Islamic Studies (‘Islamwissenschaft’) in the German-language academy (including Switzerland and Austria) and left a deep imprint on the discipline (…)
Afghanistan was already in the back of my mind, on the morning of September 11, 2001: I was supposed to be there. As I walked to my office on a crystal-clear Fall day, I was thinking about my cancelled visit. I barely noticed the plume of smoke from across the (…)
The Global War on Terror and U.S. Relations with the Muslim World: Reflections on Afghanistan
By: Jonah Blank
War and State (Un)making in Tribal Borderlands of Pakistan
In August this year, three soldiers from the gendarmerie Balochistan Levy Force were killed in a landmine explosion in Ziarat, a southwestern town of Pakistan. A parlat (sit-in) ensued as the deceased's relatives and well-wishers refused (…)
By: Saifullah Nasar
In 1991, the Soviet Republics of Central Asia — including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan — suddenly and unexpectedly gained independence from the Soviet Union. The international community, however, paid little (…)
By: Tim Epkenhans
Post-Soviet Central Asia after 9/11: The Global War on Terror, Authoritarian Consolidation, and Religious Revival
Before the 9/11 tragedy struck American soil, U.S. facilities in the Persian Gulf region were placed on a heightened state of alert, as U.S. au - thorities were informed that “American citizens abroad may be tar - geted by extremist groups with links to bin Laden’s organisation (…)
How the Sands Have Shifted: Reflections on 9/11 as a Chapter in U.S.-Gulf Relations
By: Clemens Chay
Days before the U.S.-led forces in - vaded Afghanistan to avenge the at - tacks on 9/11, President George W. Bush outlined his approach to the Global War on Terror (GWOT): “Our war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there.” What fol - lowed was a worldwide (…)
Iran’s Exclusion and Lost Opportunities in the U.S.-Led Global War on Terror
By: Asif Shuja
By: Elena Fellner
Redefining Terrorism: Iran, the U.S., and the War on Terror
Mohammad Javad Zarif likes to lecture. That much is obvious to anyone who has ever read more than a handful of tweets by Iran’s previous foreign minister (2013-2021), and it is especially striking (…)
By: Angeliki Coletsou
Visual Representations of Iran in Western Media after 9/11
The year 2001 has been considered a turning point in the rapid increase of Islamophobia and Islamophobic de - pictions in Western media, especially concerning Arab and Muslim (…)
Departing from the general trend in scholarly inquiries and popular inves - tigations of the post-9/11 era that focus on the political, legal, religious, and social positionality of Muslims vis-à-vis the West, political institu - tions in their home (…)
9/11 and Sectarianism in Islam; Counter-Terrorism Debates among Muslim Groups of Kerala, India
By: M Sihabudheen Kolakkattil
Since the Taliban recaptured Afghanistan in August 2021, the Afghan diaspora in the Global North has been under general suspicion. This is particularly true in Germany, which currently hosts the largest Afghan diaspora community (…)
All Taliban are Pashtuns and all Pashtuns are Taliban?! A Contribution to Differentiation
By: Muska Haqiqat
America Won the War on Terror, and Everyone is Worse Off
American elites talk about the War on Terror as a failure. Whether their diagnosis was an overabundance of compassion or brutality, goals that were too ambitious or too limited, the U.S. political class tends to see their country’s twenty-year (…)
By: Matthew Petti
From Horse Soldiers to Hybrid Conflicts: Unconventional Warfare’s Evolution since 9/11
The stark contrast of the beginning and end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan forces a reflection on the trajectory of unconventional warfare over two decades of the Global War on Terror. The early (…)
By: Alp Yenenr
By: Angeliki Coletsou
Visual Representations of Iran in Western Media after 9/11
The year 2001 has been considered a turning point in the rapid increase of Islamophobia and Islamophobic de - pictions in Western media, especially concerning Arab and Muslim (…)
By: Safiyya Hosein
More than Just Spandex: American Muslim Superheroes and the Global War on Terror
Even though Muslim superheroes have appeared in American comic books since the 1940s, their number grew steadily in the post-9/11 (…)
Discussions on the role played by regional connectivity in the economic development of countries along the so-called “Silk Road” reached a fever pitch during the twenty year Global War on Terror (GWOT). The same period, however (…)
The Global War on Terror and the Transformation of Afghanistan’s Commercial Networks
By: Magnus Marsden
Policy discussions around counter- terrorism efforts now state a difficult lesson learned of international intervention so common that it has become a trope: tactical fixes don’t fix political problems. You cannot (…)
The Two Most Dangerous Self- Deceptions in Security Sector Reform
By: Abi Watson
By: Rodrigo Augusto Duarte Amaral, Mariana Medeiros Bernussi, Victória Wood Farinelli
The Brazilian Antiterrorism Law: The U.S. Counterterrorism Agenda, International Economic Pressures, and Socio-Political Conveniences.
One of the legacies of September 11th was the imperative to develop locally stricter counterterrorism measures, even in countries historically (…)
Few countries have been unaffected by the attacks of 9/11 and the Global War on Terror (GWOT) that followed. But with the coming of age of a new generation not witness to the vio - lence directly, and the emergence (…)
From the War on Terror to the War Against “Islamism”: France in the post-9/11 Era
By: Dr. Alain Gabon 
A few weeks after the 9/11 attacks, NATO invoked Article 5, leading to Türkiye’s participation in NATO mis - sions in Afghanistan, such as running the Kabul International Airport and assuming leadership of ISAF (…)
Türkiye-U.S. Relations After 9/11: From Strategic Partnership to Strategic Divergence
By: Gökhan Tekir
HOME HOME
Semantics and the Language of Terror
Counterinsurgency Strategies
Knowledge and Cultural Production
Capital Flows and Patronage Networks
Islamism and Internationalism
Rise of Authoritarianism
Muslim Networks
If you are interested in contributing an article for the project, please send a short summary of the proposed topic (no more than 200 words) and brief bio to submissions@911legacies.com. For all other matters, please contact inquiry@911legacies.com.
CONTACT
MUSLIM NETWORKS
Counterinsurgency Strategies
KNOWLEDGE AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION
CAPITAL FLOWS AND PATRONAGE NETWORKS
RISE OF AUTHORITARIANISM
SEMANTICS AND THE LANGUAGE OF TERROR
ISLAMISM AND INTERNATIONALISM