© 2023 Oriental Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Kevin L. Schwartz, and Ameem Lutfi
Since
the
Taliban
recaptured
Afghanistan
in
August
2021,
the
Afghan
diaspora
in
the
Global
North
has
been
under
general
suspicion.
This
is
particularly
true
in
Germany,
which
currently
hosts
the
largest
Afghan
diaspora
community
numbering
over
a
quarter
of
a
million
people.
Like
Afghanistan
itself,
the
diaspora
is
a
heterogeneous
group
with
more
than
fifty
ethnic
groups.
While
exact
statistics
are
hard
to
come
by,
it
is
widely
believed
that
Pashtuns
constitute
the
largest
sub-ethnicity
within
the
larger
Afghan
diaspora.
In
addition
to
racism
toward
Afghans
in
general,
Pashtuns
have
been cast as suspicious even by other non-Pashtuns within the diaspora.
Growing
up
in
Germany,
I
still
remember
being
mocked
as
“Tora
Bora”
by
a
German
acquaintance
during
the
Taliban's
earlier
period
of
rule
(1996-2001)
due
to
my
Pashtun
ethnicity.
It
was
a
common
jeer
leveled
at
second-generation
Pashtuns
in
Germany
like
myself,
eliciting
feelings
about
being
associated
with
the
Taliban
because
of
our
Pashtun
ethnicity.
My
dissertation
explores
such
feelings,
and
the
cultural
identity
of
Pashto
kewel/Pashtun
in
two
European
cities:
London
and
Hamburg.
Here
I
engage
with
a
set
of
six
interviews
1
from
Hamburg
to
better
understand
the
contours
of
intra-diaspora
tensions.
I
want
to
answer
the
ways
in
which
Pashtuns
have
come
to
be
cast
as
suspicious
by
the
non-Pashtun
diaspora
and
what
kinds
of
affective burdens this places on an already vulnerable group.
Milad
(m,
26)
finds
himself
constantly
defending
Pashtuns
with
his
friends,
particularly
in
the
face
of
media
coverage
that
portrays
the
Taliban
as
purely
Pashtun,
although
members
of
other
ethnic
groups
are
affiliated
with
them
as
well.
“Just
because
the
Taliban
are
Pashtuns
does
not
mean
that
all
Pashtuns
equal
Taliban,”
says
Milad.
In
addition,
the
Taliban
are
“not
a
Pashtun
problem.” Milad feels he is obligated to “constantly defend the Pashtuns.”
Lina
(f,
25)
most
often
experienced
personal
attribution
to
the
Taliban
from
non-Pasthun
Afghans
in
the
diaspora.
An
acquaintance
once
asked
Lina
who
in
her
family
was
a
Talib
or
a
Taliban
supporter,
assuming
there
were
Taliban
sympathizers
in
her
family.
Such
attributions,
of
course,
do
not
always
come
from
one’s
own
community.
Lina
remarked
that
she
recently
met
a
Palestinian who referred to her as “Taliban” when discovering she was a Pashtun woman from Kandahar. She boldly replied that he then probably belongs to Hamas.
Mina
(f,
30)
observes
increasing
subliminal
racism
toward
Pashtuns
due
to
the
current
situation
in
Afghanistan.
“It
starts
with
Pashtuns
being
expected
to
speak
Dari,”
says
Mina.
In
Afghanistan,
both Pashto and Dari are official languages. She stated: “I grew up in Germany and here I am confronted with inner-ethnic conflicts from Afghanistan.”
Hamid
(m,
28)
made
a
similar
statement:
“I'm
on
the
social
network
[sites]
a
lot
and
there's
always
a
mud
fight,
especially
by
the
Dari-Zaban
[Dari
speakers]...They
say
that
the
Pashtuns
are
Taliban
and
every
Pashtun
is
a
Talib.
My
core
family
is
in
Germany,
the
rest
of
the
family
lives
in
Afghanistan.
When
I
hear
things
like
that,
I
always
have
to
think
of
the
people
who
died
through
the hands of the Taliban, who were also Pashtuns.”
Laima
(f,
26),
on
the
other
hand,
grew
up
speaking
Dari,
so
she
was
not
immediately
recognized
as
a
Pashtun.
Her
friends
believe
that
she
sympathizes
with
the
Taliban
and
supports
them.
Consequently,
Laima
develops
a
sense
of
guilt
and
a
feeling
of
being
responsible
for
something
that
she
didn't
cause.
She
believes
that
these
prejudices
can
be
overcome
through
education
and
dialogue.
Nooriya
(f,
26)
did
not
know
that
the
Taliban
leadership
consists
mostly
of
Pashtuns,
until
a
friend
sent
her
an
article
where
the
origins
and
actions
of
the
Taliban
were
discussed.
During
our
interview, Nooriya wondered if her friend gave her the article because she is Pashtun.
Since
9/11,
the
Afghan
diaspora
has
faced
a
cloud
of
suspicion
in
the
West
for
even
questioning
war.
This
blanket
distrust
imposes
a
burden
on
Pashtuns
due
to
their
perceived
ties
with
the
Taliban.
As
my
research
demonstrates,
Pashtuns
confront
distrust
from
Westerners
and
fellow
Afghans
alike.
My
interviewees
voiced
concern
about
emerging
rifts
within
the
Afghan
community,
underscoring that disagreement must not fracture unity. Solidarity and nuanced understanding of Pashtun identities is key to supporting Afghans overseas and at home.
The
media's
consistent
Taliban-Pashtun
conflation
perpetuates
oversimplification,
binding
a
diverse
community
to
an
extremist
group.
2
This
reductive
framing
breeds
unwarranted
suspicion
toward
Pashtuns.
My
interviewees
underscored
the
need
for
nuance
-
Pashtun
identity
varies,
with
no
inherent
linkage
to
extremism.
Some
Pashtuns’
ambivalence
toward
Western
intervention
in
their
country,
arising
from
complex
histories,
has
caused
tension
and
skepticism
within
the
Afghan
community.
However,
accounts
demonstrate
Pashtuns’
skepticism
often
gets
misconstrued
as extremism, engendering isolation. This flattened media narrative requires urgent correction through thoughtful Pashtun engagement.
Building
on
these
tensions,
the
Taliban's
return
triggered
an
eruption
of
divisions,
as
seen
at
rally
in
Hamburg
in
August
2021.
Chants
against
Pakistan
by
supporters
of
the
anti-Taliban
Northern
Alliance
outraged
many
Pashtuns,
exposing
ethnic
rifts
festering
since
9/11.
My
interviewees
reiterated
that
Afghans
must
unite
as
a
community
against
stereotypes
despite
differing
perspectives. Mutual understanding is key to healing divides and supporting Afghanistan.
Two
decades
after
9/11,
the
Afghan
diaspora
remains
haunted
by
its
legacy.
Suspicion,
scapegoating,
and
stereotyping
have
warped
Western
and
intra-community
perceptions
of
Pashtun
identity. But another path exists. By unlearning reductive tropes, embracing solidarity despite disagreement, and above all uplifting Pashtun voices, a new future emerges.
1.
The names of the interviewees have been anonymized.
2.
For a notable exception in differentiating among the Taliban and Pashtun ethnicity, see Conrad Schetter, “Der Antistaat: Talibanistan,” Internationales Asienforum 8 (2007), p. 233.
If you are interested in contributing an article for
the project, please send a short summary of the
proposed topic (no more than 200 words) and brief
bio to submissions@911legacies.com. For all
other matters, please contact
inquiry@911legacies.com.
CONTACT